Gender Equality Report: Year In Review

Author: Ioana Podarita

March 31, 2026

Protest sign from The Feminist March [Image source: Bunk]

Introduction

In 2015, the United Nations adopted the Sustainable Development Goals, a framework aimed at tackling global inequality and climate change by 2030 [48]. The Agenda includes 17 goals, ranging from poverty, education, peace & security, healthcare, and other areas of inequity. Gender Equality is Goal number 5 [48]. This goal aims to: 1) eliminate all violence against women; 2) eliminate harmful practices such as child marriage and female genital mutilation (FGM); 3) ensure equitable political, economic, and public life opportunities for women; and 4) ensure universal access to reproductive and sexual healthcare, among other forms of healthcare [48]. 

As of January 2025, none of the targets of Goal 5 were on track to be reached by 2030 [19]. Female extreme poverty is still at around 10 per cent [73]. Girls in sub-Saharan Africa and Central and Southern Asia are still behind in secondary school completion [73]. Women and girls still experience high rates of violence, child marriage, and mutilation [73]. Older women and women with disabilities face disproportionate discrimination [73]. Women continue to be underrepresented in local and national governments [73]. Finally, a record number of women live near deadly conflict [73]. 

With five years until the deadline of the Sustainable Development Goals, this report analyzes the biggest threats to gender equality in 2025 and 2026. 

Reproductive Rights and the Right to Healthcare

Globally, abortion access has been widely discussed in the past year. The Center for Reproductive Rights reports that 40 per cent of women live in a country where abortion is restricted by laws, and 6 per cent live in a country where abortion is completely banned [10]. As a result, roughly 20 million unsafe abortions occur every year, leading to almost 70,000 deaths and 5 million cases of long-term health complications [18]. Currently, 24 countries completely ban abortion [44]. El Salvador is among the strictest, with a high number of homicide prosecutions for people who experience medical emergencies resulting in abortions [44]. Malta is the only EU country that entirely prohibits abortion [44]. The UAE allows abortions only when the mother’s life is at risk or if there is evidence that the pregnancy is not viable [44]. Despite these restrictive trends, several countries have made substantial progress towards abortion access in the past year.

The Green Wave Movement [6] advocates for reproductive freedom in Latin America, and in 2025, the movement’s efforts led to the UN Human Rights Committee ruling against forced pregnancies. In 2019, the Center for Reproductive Rights and its Latin American partners filed cases against Ecuador, Guatemala and Nicaragua for violating four girls’ human rights – aged 12 and 13 – after they were raped and denied abortion, forcing them to give birth [8]. In January of last year, the Committee ruled in favor of the girls and mandated that Ecuador and Nicaragua ensure legal access to abortion [42]. They further called on all 173 member states of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) to implement measures to prevent forced pregnancies, especially in cases of sexual violence, incest, and health risks. 

In February of 2026, the European Commission adopted the European Citizens’ Initiative My Voice, My Choice in a landmark ruling. The initiative, brought forth by the My Voice, My Choice organization, received over 1 million signatures from EU citizens to make abortion accessible and affordable. As a result, the European Commission ruled that moving forward, EU states can use the European Social Fund to support their citizens’ abortion costs. While the management and enforcement of these funds is up to the individual member states, this ruling shows a commitment to making abortion accessible regardless of socioeconomic background.  

Nigeria, too, ruled in favor of a petition brought by the Reproductive Justice Initiative Foundation, seeking judicial access to safe abortions in cases of rape, incest, and sexual violence [9]. The Federal High Court affirmed that pregnancies resulting from sexual abuse constitute a violation of girls’ and women’s rights, and are a danger to their physical and mental wellbeing. However, the Court did not compel Nigeria to abide by any legal obligations. Local and international NGOs are celebrating this ruling, but are continuing the fight for concrete legislative reform [9].

England and Wales repealed an 1861 law criminalizing abortions performed outside legal pathways [47]. British laws require that two doctors certify that the criteria for legal abortions are met in order to get the procedure. Terminations without two doctors’ approval and/or past 24 weeks are criminal offenses, with a maximum sentence of life in prison. In recent years, there’s been a surge of investigations and convictions regarding unlawful abortions under the antiquated law, which prompted expert medical groups and activists to call for reform [13]. These calls for reform resulted in the repeal of the law, but abortion has not yet been legally decriminalized. 

Other countries such as Malawi, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands, Rwanda, and Nepal are taking steps towards reproductive freedom [7]. Many have successfully protected access to abortion, extended the timeframe for legal abortions, set the stage to constitutionally protect abortion, certified general practitioners to perform abortions, and made reproductive health accessible to minors without parental consent [7]. 

In contrast, the United States was the only country to significantly roll back abortion access this past year [10]. The overturning of Roe v. Wade in 2022 ended the constitutional right to abortion in the United States, leaving abortion legislation up to the individual states [4]. Since then, several states have banned or seriously restricted access to abortion [17]. In 2025, the Wyoming legislature passed two bills targeting the only remaining abortion clinic in the state, pausing clinic operations and making abortion unavailable in the state. A County District Judge then issued a preliminary injunction and temporary restraining orders on both bills, and the clinic was able to resume activity [11]. Similarly, the Missouri Supreme Court briefly reinstated a total ban on abortion, but restrictions were later lifted when a Circuit Judge ruled them unconstitutional [30]. North Dakota also reinstated a total ban on abortion, which remained in effect [17]. Additionally, 23 bills were introduced in 2025 nationwide targeting medication abortion pills [17]. Only one law was enacted, Texas’s HB 7, allowing private citizens to file anti-abortion lawsuits [5]. Another 37 bills were introduced, which included “fetal personhood language” and made abortion easier to criminalize [17]. Experts warn these trends will likely continue through 2026 [43]. 

These shifts in reproductive healthcare highlight women’s lack of agency over their health. In 2021, the UNFPA found that nearly half of the global female population does not have the right to decide whether to have sex, use contraception, or access healthcare [49]. Over 30 countries restrict women from moving around outside their homes, let alone to access healthcare [49]. As a result, women spend on average more years in poor health than men (10.9 - 8.0), often due to chronic pain conditions, reproductive diseases, and depression [73]. 

The past year marked a turning point in women’s health worldwide, with several countries reducing or stopping their contributions to global aid [38]. Experts warn that aid cuts are undoing years of human rights progress, with women, LGBTQ+ people, persons with disabilities, and people who suffer from HIV/AIDS facing the most deadly risks [38]. 

Genocide, Wars, and Conflict

ACLED recorded 204,605 conflicts last year, resulting in at least 240,000 deaths [1]. As of October 2025, the UN Secretary General warned that 676 million women lived within 50 kilometers of deadly conflict, and the number of female civilian casualties was four times that of the previous two-year period [74]. In just the last two years, conflict-related sexual violence grew by 87 per cent. UN experts warn that women and girls are dying “in record numbers” [74]. According to ACLED data, Palestine, Ukraine, and Mexico are experiencing the highest levels of danger in the world, driven by genocide, war, and internal conflicts [1]. 

On September 16th, 2025, the UN Commission announced they found Israel had committed genocide against Palestinians in Gaza [37]. According to UN Women, since 2023, one woman and one girl have been killed every hour in Gaza, totalling more than 28,000 deaths [75]. In August 2025, the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) declared Phase 5 Famine in Gaza, with over half a million people in conditions of starvation, destitution, and death [25]. At least 132,000 children aged under five are expected to face acute malnutrition through June 2026, and roughly 55,500 malnourished women, pregnant and breastfeeding, will require urgent care [25]. Approximately 700,000 women and girls in Palestine are experiencing a menstrual hygiene crisis, with limited access to sanitary pads, soap, and water [50]. This has resulted in a surge of reproductive tract infections, skin conditions, and hygiene-related STIs. Since 2023, more than 318,000 girls have lost two school years [34], putting them at greater risk of forced marriages, exploitation, and abuse [68]. Women and girls in Gaza urgently need food, clean water, healthcare, sanitary products, and shelter [68].  

Similarly, in 2025, civilian women and girls in Ukraine experienced the deadliest year since Russia’s first attack in 2022 [69]. At least 5,000 women and girls have been killed since 2022, nearly one-fifth of that in 2025 alone [39]. More than 5,000 Ukrainian women and girls have been injured in the past year. The International Organization for Migration (IOM) reported that 1.8 million women were displaced within Ukraine as of the spring of last year [28]. Gender-based violence (GBV) has increased by 36 per cent since the beginning of Russia’s war [67]. With an escalation in the intensity and reach of Russian attacks on homes, hospitals, schools, and energy sites, single women-headed households, children, and displaced families are at greater risk of GBV, trafficking, and sexual exploitation [35]. Approximately 2.4 million people, mostly women and girls, urgently need GBV-related prevention and response services [70]. In 2026, roughly 6.7 million Ukrainian women and girls are in need of humanitarian assistance overall [35], but foreign assistance cuts are forcing humanitarian groups to interrupt operations, and GBV programs are suffering the most [70]. Nearly 80 per cent of Ukraine’s women’s rights organizations have suffered disruptions in 2025, and half of them have had to suspend programs [69]. The funding cuts, coupled with intensified attacks on energy, severely disrupted daily function, putting Ukrainian women and girls at deadly humanitarian risk in 2026 [71]. 

The ongoing conflicts between active criminal groups such as the Jalisco New Generation Cartel and the Sinaloa Cartel fuel the high rates of violence in Mexico. While cartel-related homicides primarily affect men [2], there has been a dramatic increase in GBV and femicides in Mexico since 2015 [24]. The definition of femicide is the “criminal deprivation of the life of a female victim for reasons based on gender” [12]. Female homicides in Mexico have increased by 59 per cent and femicides by 94 per cent [24]. Currently, one in four female homicides in Mexico is classified as a femicide [24]. Since 2015, roughly one in five female homicides occurred in the home, likely caused by intimate partner violence (IPV) [24]. Femicide rates have risen across the rest of Latin America, with eleven countries reporting femicide rates above one per 100,000 women [24]. In just the first month of 2025, over 500 women were killed due to manslaughter, murder, and femicide [32]. In addition to femicides, members of the LGBTQI+ community – especially trans women – have also been experiencing a surge in violent deaths, with the most recent data (2020) showing 7.7 deaths per month [24]. Journalists warn that there is a “silent epidemic of transfemicides” happening in Mexico that official accounts are not recording [31]. LGBTQI+ groups are trying to fill this statistical gap by tracking cases independently, and they report that between 50 to 70 trans people are murdered in Mexico each year [31]. 

Education

Overall, the educational gender gap has narrowed in recent years; girls in almost every country now typically complete at least primary education [53]. This comes 30 years after the Beijing Platform for Action advocated to eliminate gender discrimination in education [14]. Today, 105 countries prohibit it constitutionally [52]. Worldwide, fewer girls are out-of-school than boys, and women’s enrollment in higher education surpasses men’s [52]. Trends vary based on regions, with Eastern and South-eastern Asia, Europe and Northern America, and Latin America and the Caribbean having more boys out of school than girls [55]. While girls now outperform boys in school and access to education has improved, they still face disproportionate barriers to education globally. 

In many parts of the world, menstruation and “period poverty” force girls to put education on hold [66]. “Period poverty” refers to the inability to access and afford menstrual products, safe water and sanitation for hygiene during menstruation [66]. Specifically, many girls risk losing valuable education due to stigma and inadequate hygiene facilities, including private toilets [66]. 

Education is further impeded by household chores globally, with girls being more likely to perform domestic responsibilities and become caretakers for other members of their family [60]. The COVID-19 pandemic fueled this pattern, putting 10 million girls at risk of dropping out of school permanently due to household obligations [60], as rates of early marriage and child labor increased [59]. 

Poverty also has an extreme effect on education. In certain countries, such as Guinea and Mali, very few poor young women are currently in school [52]. In rural Mozambique, the number of young men in school is nearly double that of women [52]. In Côte d’Ivoire, there are 72 women in school for every 100 men, but only 22 poor women [52].

Amongst all barriers, girls’ education is most at risk during conflict. Out of the over 120 million girls currently out-of-school, more than half of them are in “fragile, conflict, and violent” settings [29]. Girls in these settings are 2.5 times more likely to be out-of-school than girls who are not living in crisis. If these girls are able to access education, they will spend, on average, only 8.5 years in school in their lifetime [29]. Primary barriers to education for girls include: 1) targeted attacks on girls’ schools; 2) School-related Gender-based Violence (SRGBV); and 3) displacement [51]. A recent example was on 28 February 2026, during the United States’ and Israel's attacks on Iran, a girls’ primary school in Minab was struck, killing at least 165 schoolgirls [41]. UNESCO, the UN’s education agency, has called the attack a “grave violation of humanitarian law,” as students in a place of learning are protected under international humanitarian law [56]. 

Targeted attacks on education during conflict can fall under the term “scholasticide” – the systemic destruction of education through the arrest, detention, and killing of teachers, students, and staff and the wrecking of educational infrastructure [36]. The term was introduced by Palestinian Oxford Professor Karma Nabulsi, and it suggests that attacks on schools in contexts of occupation and colonization are meant to suppress education and resistance [23]. Schools not only represent a place of safety and knowledge, but, as genocide experts argue, they ensure the survival of cultural, intellectual, and social customs [46]. 

Internal conflict has similar devastating impacts on education. In 2021, after the Taliban re-gained power [20], Afghanistan became the only country to completely ban girls’ education beyond primary school [54]. As of today, 2.2 million adolescent girls have been prohibited from getting a secondary education [58], and 80 per cent of women are excluded from employment or training [65]. The ban on education exacerbates Afghan women’s rapidly diminishing access to public life as a whole. A 2025 UN Women survey found that 75 per cent of Afghan women report having no decision-making power in their community [65]. Out of all female respondents, 14 per cent report leaving their homes only once a week, and only 41 per cent leave their homes more than once a day [65]. The survey also shows that Afghan men and women across both urban and rural communities overwhelmingly oppose the ban and believe girls should have the right to education [65]. In February 2026, the UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Afghanistan reported that the oppressive measures are causing a worsening health crisis [40]. He also claimed that the restrictions on education, movement, and work serve as evidence that the Taliban is committing crimes against humanity [40]. 

Economic Equality and Labor Rights

According to the 2025 Global Gender Gap Index, the Economic Participation and Opportunity gender gap stands at 61 per cent closed, a 5.6 per cent increase since 2006 [77]. The lowest-ranking countries in this subindex are Sudan, Pakistan, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Egypt, and India [77]. In these countries, women have access to less than one-third of the economic resources available to men, and they have low gender equality in terms of senior workplace roles [77]. In contrast, Botswana, Liberia, Eswatini, the Republic of Moldova, and Barbados are the highest ranking countries, having closed more than 85 per cent of the gender economic gap [77]. These countries also rank among the highest in terms of women occupying roles as legislators, senior officials and managers [77]. Despite the gains, full gender parity remains distant, with women occupying only 30 per cent of managerial work and 27 per cent of parliamentary seats globally [62]. Women also spend, on average, 2.5 times more time on unpaid labor and domestic work than men [62]. Performing unpaid care prevents around 708 million women from joining the workforce [26]. The gender pay gap is estimated to be at 20 per cent globally [61]. Women work an average of 10 hours more a week than men, and in 2025, they earned only 28 per cent of the total global income [76]. 

Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) is also projected to become a high risk for female workers, according to the International Labor Organization [27]. This is due to occupational segregation, as women tend to disproportionately occupy administrative, clerical, and support roles, leaving them exposed to being replaced by GenAI. Roughly 29 per cent of these jobs are exposed to GenAI globally, compared to only 16 per cent of male-dominated fields [27]. The risk of AI automation is higher in high-income and developing countries, where about 40 per cent of women’s work is exposed to GenAI [27]. Women are also underrepresented in the AI workforce, as well as in STEM jobs as a whole [27]. 

Despite overall slow progress and new setbacks, some countries are making advances towards gender parity in the workplace. 

The United Kingdom passed the Employment Rights Act 2025, introducing massive changes for gender equality in the workplace, going into effect in 2026 and 2027 [15]. Employers with 250+ employees will now have to publish action plans for supporting gender equality and staff with menopause [15]. Starting April 2026, reporting sexual harassment will be protected as a “qualifying disclosure” under whistleblowing law, among other new prevention measures [15]. The Act also strengthens protections for pregnant staff and workers returning from maternity leave [15]. 

In September of last year, the International Labour Organization and its partners launched South4Care, an online platform for sharing countries’ policies and systems for decent work and gender equality [45]. This initiative is meant to serve as a collaborative hub between countries, sharing ideas for job creation, reducing domestic labor, and improving employment access for women [16]. 

Violence, Child Marriage, and Mutilation

Globally, 30 per cent of women over the age of fifteen have experienced physical and/or sexual violence, a percentage that has not improved significantly in the last 20 years [64]. According to the latest data from UN Women, an average of 137 women and girls were killed every day by an intimate partner or relative [64]. Among them, adolescent girls and women with disabilities face a higher risk of violence [64]. Forcibly displaced women are also facing a higher rate of intimate-partner violence (IPV) [64]. 

There has been only a slight decline in female child marriage since 2014 (22 per cent - 19 per cent) [64]. Progress would have to accelerate 20 times to end child marriage by 2030 [64]. Otherwise, 9 million girls risk being married before the age of eighteen by then [64]. Most countries with the highest number of child marriages are in Sub-Saharan Africa [74]. More than half of adolescent girls in Chad, the Central African Republic, and Mali were married as children [74]. Across 191 countries, there are only 87 legislative measures addressing child marriage [72]. 

Roughly 4 million girls experience female genital mutilation (FGM) yearly, making it an enduring human rights emergency [57]. More than 230 million women and girls are survivors of the abusive practice today. FGM rates are highest across Africa, followed by Asia and the Middle East [57]. The UNFPA, UNICEF and WHO have provided FGM prevention and treatment services to 7 million women and girls since 2008, but prevention rates remain low [57]. The current progress would have to accelerate 27 times to eliminate FGM by 2030, with only seven countries on track, while in Gambia, there are currently attempts to repeal the ban on the practice [21]. 

Trafficking, Migration, and Exploitation

Globally, women and girls are at a higher risk of human trafficking [63], with the majority of trafficking being for sexual exploitation (66 per cent) and forced labor (24 per cent) [79]. Since 2018, there has been a 6 per cent increase in instances of “mixed exploitation,” where victims are trafficked into both sexual and labor exploitation [79]. Worldwide shifts making migration [33], especially labor migration, stricter are forcing the poorest migrant women to depend on smugglers and unregulated recruiters to enter the countries of destination [79]. These smugglers often charge illegal fees that lead to debt, they withhold victims’ wages and identity documents, and sometimes directly sell women to traffickers [79]. 

Human trafficking is especially frequent in poorly regulated sectors that rely on temporary and seasonal migrant workers [79]. The temporary visas tie women’s status and employment to a single sector or employer, trapping a high number of women migrants in these schemes in order to continue supporting their families [79]. Among the most unregulated sectors with high instances of mixed exploitation, women and girls make up the majority of trafficking victims and workers: 1) Hospitality and entertainment (87 per cent); 2) Domestic work (87 per cent); 3) Agriculture and farming (25 to 50 per cent); 4) Garment and textiles (60 per cent) [79]. 

In the past year, many experts and activists have raised the alarm for immigrant women in the United States [22]. With ICE crackdowns intensifying, many immigrant women are too scared to report violence and abuse, or access reproductive care, and face deportation [22]. While ICE no longer reports the exact number of pregnant women and births in detention, sources document that pregnant women are being held in detention, in poor, degrading, and even deadly medical conditions [22]. A recent Houston Public Media investigation found that the Trump administration is sending all pregnant unaccompanied children to a single group shelter in Texas, where abortion is almost completely banned [3]. Some sources warn the shelter is not adequately prepared to care for the health risks involved with the girls’ pregnancies, many of whom got pregnant as a result of rape and contracted STDs as they crossed the border [3]. Sources at the Office of Refugee Resettlement within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services said none of the girls has experienced major medical problems [3]. They also said several girls have already given birth and remain detained with their infants [3]. 

Conclusion

With five years until the Sustainable Development Goals’ deadline, women’s rights face critical risks. Violence, discrimination, and ongoing conflicts continue to disproportionally affect women and stall gender equality progress. At the current rate, Goal number 5: Gender Equality will not be accomplished by 2030. 

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Glossary

• Acute malnutrition – A severe form of undernutrition characterized by rapid weight loss or failure to gain weight, often caused by inadequate food intake or illness, and associated with high risk of illness and death.

• Antiquated – Outdated or no longer appropriate because it belongs to an earlier time or is based on old ideas or systems.

• Crackdowns – Strict or forceful actions taken by authorities to stop or control certain activities, often involving stronger enforcement of laws or restrictions.

• Destitution – A state of extreme poverty in which a person lacks basic necessities such as food, shelter, and clothing.

• Displacement – The forced movement of people from their homes or communities due to conflict, disasters, persecution, or other crises.

• Disproportionate – Not in proper balance or proportion; when the effect or impact on one group is greater compared to others.

• Enactment – The process by which a proposed law is officially passed and becomes legally binding.

• Female genital mutilation (FGM) – The partial or total removal of external female genitalia, or other injury to female genital organs, for non-medical reasons. It is widely recognized as a violation of human rights.

• Fetal personhood language – Legal terminology that defines a fetus as a person with legal rights, often used in legislation related to abortion and reproductive rights.

• Framework – A structured system of ideas, rules, or principles used to guide analysis, decision-making, or policy development.

• Gender gap – The difference between women and men in areas such as economic participation, wages, education, health, or political representation.

• Genocide – Acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group.

• Injunction – A court order that requires a person or organization to do or stop doing a specific action.

• Judicial – Relating to courts of law, judges, or the administration of justice.

• Landmark – Describing an important legal decision, event, or law that significantly influences future policies or developments.

• Occupational segregation – The unequal distribution of different groups, often by gender or race, across various types of jobs or sectors.

• Prohibit – To formally forbid something by law, rule, or authority.

• Qualifying disclosure – Information revealed by a worker about wrongdoing (such as illegal acts or safety risks) that is legally protected under whistleblowing laws.

• Repeal – The official cancellation or removal of a law.

• Sanitary products – Hygiene products used during menstruation, such as pads, tampons, menstrual cups, or period underwear.

• STEM – An acronym for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics, fields often associated with innovation, research, and technical careers.

• Surge – A sudden and significant increase in something, such as conflict, migration, or legal cases.

• Viable – Capable of surviving or functioning successfully; in medical contexts, often referring to a fetus able to survive outside the womb.

• Whistleblowing law – Legislation that protects individuals who report illegal, unethical, or harmful activities within an organization.

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